Modular Unified Tagging Ontology (MUTO)

Tag axioms:

• A tag has always exactly one label - otherwise it is not a tag.
  (Additional labels can be separately defined, e.g. via skos:Concept.)
• Tags with the same label are not necessarily semantically identical.
  (Each tag has its own identity and property values.)
• A tag can itself be a resource of tagging (tagging of tags).

Tagging axioms:

• A tagging is always linked to exactly one resource and one user account
  (the latter can be omitted in case of automatic tagging).
• The number of tags per tagging is theoretically unlimited
  (though it is practically limited by the constraints of the tagging system).
• A tagging can itself be a resource of another tagging (tagging of taggings).

 muto: <http://purl.org/muto/core#> .
 sioc: <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#> .
 skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
<http://example.org/tagging/tagging1> a <http://purl.org/muto/core#PrivateTagging>;
    muto:taggedResource <http://example.com/photos/photo1>;
    muto:hasCreator <http://example.org/user/alice>;
    muto:hasTag <http://example.org/tag/tag1>,
        <http://example.org/tag/tag2>,
        <http://example.org/tag/tag3>;
    muto:taggingCreated "2011-11-11T11:11:11Z";
    muto:taggingModified "2011-11-12T09:43:03Z";
    muto:grantAccess <http://example.org/user/bob>;
    sioc:has_container <http://example.org/tagging/taggings>;
    sioc:note "Photo showing Bob in downtown Madrid." .
<http://example.org/tag/tag1> a <http://purl.org/muto/core#Tag>;
    muto:tagLabel "madrid" ;
    muto:nextTag <http://example.org/tag/tag2>.
<http://example.org/tag/tag2> a <http://purl.org/muto/core#Tag>;
    muto:tagLabel "sol";
    muto:tagCreated "2011-11-12T09:43:03Z";
    muto:tagMeaning <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Puerta_del_Sol>;
    skos:broader <http://example.org/tag/tag1> .
<http://example.org/tag/tag3> a <http://purl.org/muto/core#AutoTag>;
    muto:tagLabel "bob";
    muto:autoMeaning <http://example.org/user/bob> .
<http://example.org/tagging/taggings> a <http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#Container>;
    sioc:has_space <http://example.org> .

MUTO Mappings Module

---

Automatic Tag [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#AutoTag

Subclass of:

muto:Tag

Description:

An automatic tag is a tag that is automatically associated with a resource (e.g. by a tagging system), i.e. it is not entered by a human being.

---

Private Tagging [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#PrivateTagging

Subclass of:

muto:Tagging

Description:

A private tagging is a tagging that is only visible to its creator (unless the creator has not granted access to others via muto:grantAccess). Every tagging that is not an instance of muto:PrivateTagging is public by default.

---

Tag [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#Tag

Subclass of:

skos:Concept

Description:

A Tag consists of an arbitrary text label. Note that tags with the same label are NOT merged in the ontology.

---

Tagging [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#Tagging

Subclass of:

sioc:Item

Description:

A tagging links a resource to a user account and one or more tags.

---

automatic tag meaning (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#autoMeaning

Domain:

muto:Tag

Subproperty of:

muto:tagMeaning

Description:

This subproperty indicates that the meaning of a tag has been automatically defined (e.g. by a tagging system), i.e. it has not been defined by a human being. The default case is disambiguation by users via muto:tagMeaning.

---

creator of (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#creatorOf

Domain:

sioc:UserAccount

Range:

muto:Tagging

Subproperty of:

sioc:creator_of

Inverse of:

muto:hasCreator

Description:

A user account can have a (theoretically unlimited) number of taggings. Use sioc:member_of to define groups for group tagging or link to foaf:Agent, foaf:Person, or foaf:Group via sioc:account_of.

---

grant access (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#grantAccess

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Description:

A (usually private) tagging can be linked to one or more user accounts or user groups that should have access to it (apart from the creator). This property can also be used in public tagging to link a user account or user group to a tagging (e.g. if the creator of a tagging wants to suggest the tagging to another user).

---

has access (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#hasAccess

Range:

muto:Tagging

Inverse of:

muto:grantAccess

Description:

A user account or user group can have access to a private tagging from another user if the access is explicitly permitted by the creator of the tagging. This property can also be used in public tagging to link a user account or user group to a tagging (e.g. if the creator of a tagging has suggested the tagging to another user).

---

has creator (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#hasCreator

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Range:

sioc:UserAccount

Subproperty of:

sioc:has_creator

Description:

Every tagging is linked to at most one user account. This property can be omitted for automatic taggings. In contrast to its superproperty sioc:has_creator, it is functional and with an explicit domain. Use sioc:member_of to define groups for group tagging or link to foaf:Agent, foaf:Person, or foaf:Group via sioc:account_of.

---

has tag (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#hasTag

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Range:

muto:Tag

Description:

A tagging consists of a (theoretically unlimited) number of tags. A tagging may also consist of no tags, e.g. if the system allows its users to mark a resource first and add tags later.

---

meaning of (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#meaningOf

Range:

muto:Tag

Inverse of:

muto:tagMeaning

Description:

The number of tags that can be linked to one and the same meaning is theoretically unlimited.

---

next tag (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#nextTag

Domain:

muto:Tag

Range:

muto:Tag

Description:

This property indicates the tag that follows next in the list of tags. It can be used to describe the order in which the tags have been entered by the user.

---

privious tag (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#previousTag

Domain:

muto:Tag

Range:

muto:Tag

Inverse of:

muto:nextTag

Description:

This property indicates the tag that is preceding in the list of tags. It can be used to describe the order in which the tags have been entered by the user.

---

tag created (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#tagCreated

Domain:

muto:Tag

Range:

xsd:dateTime

Subproperty of:

dcterms:created

Description:

The creation date and time of a tag. This property can be omitted if muto:taggingCreated = muto:tagCreated (i.e. in the common case that a tag has been created along with a tagging, not in a later edit of the tagging). The datatype of this property is xsd:dateTime (in contrast to it superproperty dcterms:created which has range rdfs:Literal).

---

tag label (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#tagLabel

Domain:

muto:Tag

Range:

rdfs:Literal

Description:

Every tag has exactly one label (usually the one given by the user) - otherwise it is not a tag. Additional labels can be defined in the resource that is linked via muto:tagMeaning.

---

tag meaning (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#tagMeaning

Domain:

muto:Tag

Description:

The meaning of a tag can be expressed by a link to a well-defined resource. This can be any resource that clarifies the meaning of the tag (e.g. some DBpedia resource).

---

tag of (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#tagOf

Domain:

muto:Tag

Range:

muto:Tagging

Inverse of:

muto:hasTag

Description:

Every tag is linked to exactly one tagging. This results from the fact that tags with same labels are NOT merged in the ontology.

---

tagged resource (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#taggedResource

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Subproperty of:

sioc:about

Description:

Every tagging is linked to exactly one resource. This can be any kind of resource (i.e. all subclasses of rdfs:Resource), including tags and taggings.

---

tagged with (object property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#taggedWith

Range:

muto:Tagging

Inverse of:

muto:taggedResource

Description:

A resource can have several taggings from different users. Tags are never directly linked to resources but can be inferred from the taggings.

---

tagging created (functional property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#taggingCreated

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Range:

xsd:dateTime

Subproperty of:

dcterms:created

Description:

Every tagging has exactly one creation date and time. The datatype of this property is xsd:dateTime (in contrast to its superproperty dcterms:created which has range rdfs:Literal).

---

tagging modified (datatype property) [back to top]

URI:

http://purl.org/muto/core#taggingModified

Domain:

muto:Tagging

Range:

xsd:dateTime

Subproperty of:

dcterms:modified

Description:

A tagging can have multiple modification dates, as the number of times a tagging can be edited (e.g. to add or remove tags) is theoretically unlimited. The datatype of this property is xsd:dateTime (in contrast to it superproperty dcterms:created which has range rdfs:Literal).